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導讀
王碩
《清文接字》(Qing Wen Jiye Zi Bithe),全一册,卷首有序。該書是清末出版的一部滿漢合璧滿語語法著作,作者嵩洛峰。該書於同治三年(1864)首刊於成都,同治五年(1866)、光緒十四年(1888)先後再刊於京師,後又於光緒二十五年(1899)刊行於廣州。
卷首序稱作者爲嵩洛峰先生,“洛峰”似爲其字,名號及籍貫等均不詳。據光緒二十五年本,裕彰跋稱“《清文接字》一書乃先君公餘所輯”,又據奉寬所作《〈清文接字〉提要》稱裕彰乃“鑲白旗滿洲”人[4]。故而可知,作者嵩洛峰爲鑲白旗滿洲人。作者曾教授後任成都將軍的完顔崇實長子完顔嵩申滿語文,因此本書得以爲成都將軍所見,進而爲成都本地駐防旗人協領吉萍舟祥所見,後爲吉萍舟祥所請,成都將軍完顔崇實爲“其於同文之化,或亦壤流之一助云爾”之故,而於成都刊行,時爲同治三年。
其後,時任廣州將軍的宗室壽蔭將該書并《初學津梁》《行軍紀律》《戒賭十條》《滿漢合璧八旗箴》《滿漢合璧四十頭》《三字孝經》《軍令四十則》等書共八種匯編,“重付棗梨”再次刊行。
《清文接字》一書,同治三年本由成都將軍的完顔崇實序、正文兩部分組成;光緒二十五年本由受業翻譯舉人松匯序、完顔崇實序、正文、裕彰跋、楚郢鐵魁偉人氏跋四部分組成。正文自[1]“念hvlambi念着hvlame”起,至[117]“-xa——xe——ja——je-四個字,‘儘着’之意内含着”止,共117條。基本上每條首列詞條,次列説明,再列例句并漢意,較複雜詞條最後又綴有雙行説明。基本編輯思路是以“hvlambi/baitalambi”爲例,窮舉滿語各有詞形變化詞類之變化;同時根據“虚字”理論,將某些詞綴單獨拆出,加以説明。我們在整理時,以内容更爲齊整的光緒二十五年本爲主校本,以北京大學圖書館藏同治三年本(甲子本)爲參校本。受客觀條件限製,此次影印部分只收入了甲子本,未能收入主校本,兩個版本明顯的不同之處在注釋中已經予以説明。
該書的編寫未能超出同時期語法書的“虚字”理論,且對於如“V-kini”等個别語法現象的理解似有誤,部分詞條的分列、合併也不够合理。但由於其編寫目的爲“因《清文啓蒙》《呼拉篇》各種文理雖淺,内多變翻,非初學所能了然,故彙成此篇,逐句講解,用誨童蒙”,其本質上是一本給初學者熟讀成誦的語法手册,對於當時的滿漢翻譯人才培養、滿語文推廣有其積極意義。對於當代滿語文學習者來説,也有與現代語法體系相互印證的功效;對於滿語文研究者來説,也可作爲語法史研究材料,或語言偏誤研究材料。
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